Fundamentals of AI and ML

AIF-C01 · 60 questions

• A city parks department already uses three tools: a calendar timer that waters planting beds, a model trained on labeled soil-sensor logs to forecast turf stress, and a multi-layer neural network that reads drone canopy photos. A stakeholder says the photo model is generative AI and that AI, machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI are four names for the same thing. Which statement is accurate?
• A municipal transit agency trains a traffic-signal controller that chooses a phase plan at each intersection. After every cycle the controller receives a numeric score based on leftover queue length and pedestrian wait time. Engineers have no labeled dataset of correct phase plans. Which learning approach is the agency using?
• A university archive approves research-loan requests with a six-rule checklist: requester affiliation, object on exhibit, insurance certificate, condition report, prior damage, and a duration cap. The checklist is stable, and a clerk can apply it in minutes. A vendor proposes a six-month machine learning project to predict approvals from five years of past decisions. Which action should the archive take?
• A salmon hatchery needs one number: next month's returning-adult count. Planners will use water temperature, release year, and river flow. They have no high-or-low return labels, and they are not trying to group rivers into unnamed segments. Which technique should they use?
• A state department of transportation trained a four-class winter-road model: clear, frost, packed snow, and bridge icing. In the confusion matrix, 22 events that were actually bridge icing were labeled packed snow. Leadership wants fewer missed icing events. Which statement is correct?
• A dairy cooperative is building a milk-spoilage predictor. They hold eight years of labeled cooling-log examples, they chose gradient boosting as the learning procedure, and after the job finishes they will ship a file that scores new cooling logs. Which object is the learned artifact they will deploy?
• A sawmill spends two weeks fitting a board grader on labeled photos of past cuts. After that job ends, the line scores every new board in under a second and does not update the grader from those live boards. Which statement names the two phases correctly?
• A quarry wants a rockfall-risk score. Plan A feeds four engineered numbers (slope angle, overnight rain, blast count, crack width) into a random forest. Plan B feeds raw geophone waveforms into a multi-layer network that learns its own features. Which pairing is accurate?
• A rail-maintenance crew wants software that looks at wayside camera frames and marks cracked ties. A vendor offers a speech-to-text agent for radio calls, a ridership forecast, a printed tie-count rule sheet, and a model that interprets pixels. Which capability matches the job?
• A county grants office wants to tag incoming PDF narratives by research theme so reviewers can sort the pile. The files are prose, not photos and not sensor streams. Which capability should they use?
• A shipyard needs two tools. Tool A must draft work orders from text and also answer questions about scanned hull diagrams. Tool B only chats about written procedures. Which statement correctly relates a foundation model to a large language model?
• A campus facilities desk has two requests. Request 1: given "the chiller on roof 2 is down," look up the asset, open a lockout permit, schedule a vendor, and confirm parts. Request 2: "What is the setpoint for chiller 2?" answered in one reply with no follow-on actions. Which pairing is accurate?
• A flood-insurance screen was trained only on claims from one coastal county, then applied statewide, including inland river towns. Inland applications are denied at a much higher rate even when the stated loss facts match coastal ones. What problem does this describe?
• Two neighboring orchards file the same crop-insurance facts: same acreage, same cultivar, same hail-loss evidence. The model approves one and denies the other after using a ZIP code that has historically received fewer payouts. Which issue is this?
• A greenhouse trial has twelve trays. A model memorizes which tray IDs had a cracked moisture probe and scores 100 percent on those twelve. The next season, new trays with intact probes are scored poorly. What happened?
• A ferry terminal has two scoring jobs. Job A must accept or reject a boarding pass at the gate in under 200 milliseconds. Job B scores every cargo manifest from the previous day in one overnight run and nobody waits at a counter for those scores. Which pairing matches inference style to the job?
• A veterinary hospital submits one 4-gigabyte MRI study for a specialist model. The study takes about 40 minutes to score, and the radiologist picks up the result later in the patient chart. The hospital is not waiting at a kiosk, and it is not mixing this study into a nightly pile of unrelated invoices. Which inference style fits?
• A county fair runs a photo-scoring booth only three weekends a year. Traffic spikes for those days and is otherwise zero. The team does not want to pay for an always-on dedicated host in January. Which inference hosting style fits?
• A beekeeper records hive audio. For some clips an apiarist has already marked swarm or calm. A new intern says those marks are just the file type, such as MP3 versus WAV. What is the label on each example?
• A marina keeps a slip spreadsheet with berth ID, length, monthly fee, and occupancy. It also keeps dock-camera video and VHF radio recordings. Which statement correctly names the data types?
• A hydroelectric plant stores four collections: a table of turbine IDs and nameplate watts, an hourly river-gauge history, still photos of the spillway gates, and free-text operator shift notes. Which pairing matches each collection to its modality?
• A thrift warehouse has thousands of donation photos and no category tags. The team wants the system to discover groups of visually similar items so staff can invent aisle names later. They are not training a reward-seeking robot. Which learning approach fits?
• A field-guide app must assign each mushroom photo to one of five edibility classes: edible, choice, inedible, toxic, or unknown. It must not output a weight in grams. Which technique should the team use?
• A community radio station wants to discover groups of listening sessions that sound similar. Staff have not defined personas such as morning-news or late-jazz, and they will name the groups after the model runs. Which technique should they use?
• An ice-cream plant wants next week's freezer restock quantity from three summers of weekly sales, which rise every July. The team is not grouping stores and is not classifying carton photos. Which technique should they use?
• A customs broker must compute duty on a shipment from a published Harmonized System tariff table. The entry is rejected if the dollar amount is not the exact statutory figure. A data scientist offers a model that forecasts duty from last year's invoices. Which action should the broker take?
• A scout troop has forty leftover camp badges to sell at a one-day rummage sale. A vendor proposes cameras, three months of labeling, and a model that might raise the sell-through guess by a few badges. Camera gear and labeling would cost more than the leftover inventory is worth. Which action should the troop take?
• A chocolate factory wants software that looks at bar photos on the wrapping line and flags air-bubble defects. Which capability matches the job?
• A city parks inbox receives free-text emails about fallen limbs, locked restrooms, and noisy events. Staff want each message routed to the right crew from the wording alone. The emails are not photos and not voice mails. Which capability should they use?
• A ski-patrol desk records radio calls and needs searchable text logs. A trail kiosk will later read short hazard alerts aloud from written scripts. Which pairing names the two speech jobs correctly?
• A used-bookstore site wants each shopper to see a short list of titles they might like after browsing three shelves. The team is not predicting a due date and is not treating unlabeled clusters as the finished product. Which application is this?
• A water utility wants alarms on rare, never-before-seen overnight flow spikes that may mean theft or a break. The team is not assigning each meter to one of five pipe SKUs. Which application is this?
• A locksmith shop has about two hundred PDF manuals. Techs need answers such as what torque a cylinder needs, taken from those existing documents. They do not have a labeled set of past torque numbers to train a numeric predictor. Which approach fits?
• A boarding kennel desk gets the note kennel 4 has a fever. Staff want software that looks up the animal chart, opens an isolation order, pages the on-call vet, and reserves a recovery cage, in that sequence. They do not want a single generated paragraph of advice. Which approach fits?
• A city clerk wants searchable text from evening council-meeting audio. The recordings are English speech, not photos, and the clerk is not asking to change the language. Which AWS service matches this job?
• A volunteer fire department wrote a burn-ban notice in English and must post the same wording in Spanish and Arabic before the weekend. The notice is already text, not a recording, and the department is not asking for a voice to read it aloud. Which AWS service matches this job?
• A university dining hall collected thousands of written comment cards. Leadership wants sentiment and recurring key phrases from that existing text. They do not want a transcript of the dish-room radio. Which AWS service matches this job?
• A county library wants patrons to reserve a study room by phone or chat without a clerk on every request. The system must ask follow-up questions and confirm a slot. The library is not sending a batch of flyers to another language. Which AWS service matches this job?
• A commercial kitchen needs allergen cards read aloud over the pass because cooks cannot hold a tablet with wet hands. The cards are already written. The kitchen is not asking to turn spoken tickets into text. Which AWS service matches this job?
• A volunteer-fire grant office must later explain each denied hose-replacement request to a state auditor using a short list of contributing fields. The office is not asking the system to draft open-ended letters or read diagrams. Which approach fits?
• A bicycle-share depot can label only 35 bent-wheel photos this month. Leadership still wants a junior mechanic to see a suggested mark and then accept or override it. They do not want a from-scratch model that needs thousands of new labels. Which approach fits?
• A municipal ice-rink crew wants to turn on a compressor-fault model for live alarms this weekend. They have not yet collected a held-out test week of plant logs, and some teammates say deploy first and gather data later. Which sequence should they follow?
• A community-choir attendance model looks excellent because the same holiday-concert weekends were used both to fit it and to announce its score. The director wants a number that estimates how it will do on future weekends it has not seen. What should the team do?
• A bakery runs a gluten-free versus not model on packaged rolls. It keeps calling wheat rolls gluten-free, so the gluten-free tray is getting contaminated. Leadership wants fewer of those wrong gluten-free flags. Which statement is correct?
• A boiler-lockout alarm is quiet on 98 shifts out of 100. A dummy model that always predicts quiet is 98 percent accurate and never catches a lockout. Which statement should the plant trust?
• A tool library packs a loaner drill only if a member is predicted to pick it up. A wasted packed box and a missed true no-show both hurt. Leadership wants one blended score for this yes-or-no call, not a regression error number. Which metric should they use?
• A school cafeteria can close the serving line when a nut-allergen alarm fires. A false alarm dumps good food. A missed real allergen leaves the line open. Which pairing names those errors in plain language?
• During evaluation, a carnival ticket-fraud model scores almost perfectly on the training weeks and collapses on the validation weeks. The gap appears before go-live. The network that hosts the lab is healthy. What is the team seeing?
• A community-garden soil model is weak on the training beds and still weak on the held-out beds. The held-out rows were sealed before fitting, so they did not leak into training. What is the team seeing?
• A bike-share cancellation model includes a column named refund-processed-at. That timestamp is written only after a reservation is already canceled. Lab scores look perfect, then new reservations score poorly. What problem is this?
• A bus-fleet model currently sees only the latest odometer reading. Maintainers want to add minutes-since-last-brake-job, derived from raw shop timestamps, before the next training run. They are not asking anyone to set a learning rate. Which lifecycle step is this?
• A campus laundry forecast was solid last term. After a new dorm opens, Sunday dryer-wait predictions start missing the spike, and live inputs no longer match last term's pattern. The model is already deployed. What should the team do first?
• The laundry forecast keeps drifting for six weeks after the new dorm opens. A technician offers to hotfix the dryer card-reader firmware on Friday night and skip a new evaluation. Which MLOps response is appropriate?
• A shipyard crane model can suggest ok-to-lift or hold. A missed hold can drop a load, so a rigger must confirm the suggestion before the lift starts. Leadership still wants evaluation metrics on the suggestions. Which statement is correct?
• A snow-route model was trained only on weekday downtown plow logs because those trucks already had sensors. Weekend residential cul-de-sacs never appear in the file. A high F1 on the downtown slice is being celebrated. What should the team flag first?
• A community-theater model that predicts who will attend a Saturday show has a strong F1 score. Weekend box-office overtime did not drop, and concession sales stayed flat. Which kind of measure should leadership review next?
• A youth-soccer desk wants photo checks during a two-week registration rush and has no one to patch a model host afterward. A court-records unit needs the same kind of check, but the images must stay on an isolated custom runtime the unit operates. Which pairing is accurate?
• A town clerk needs everyday English rewrites of public notices and has almost no labeled examples. A creamery needs a fault predictor from a private 12-year pasteurizer log. Which pairing of model sources is accurate?
• Two interns improved an ice-rink compressor model on their laptops. Nobody can recreate the run, compare it to last week's version, or roll it toward live alarms. Which practice is missing?
• A municipal greenhouse wants three things: a place to train and host a custom wilt model, an API that already serves foundation models without that training job, and dashboards so the director can see weekly detection counts. Which mapping is accurate?